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Designing a baseline Visual Question Answering model
Encode the image with a CNN, encode the question with an RNN or embedding, fuse the two vectors, and classify over a fixed answer vocabulary.
Semantic, instance, and panoptic segmentation
Semantic labels every pixel by class without separating objects; instance separates individual objects but may skip background; panoptic unifies both, labeling stuff and distinct thing instances.
Designing a high-resolution photorealistic face generator
Weigh StyleGAN's fast, controllable style-based synthesis against diffusion's diversity and stable training; handle scale via progressive or multi-resolution synthesis; protect diversity to avoid mode…
DDPM versus DDIM sampling trade-offs
DDPM is a stochastic Markov chain needing many steps; DDIM is a non-Markovian, deterministic sampler that skips steps for far faster inference and reproducible, invertible latents, trading a…
Classifier-free guidance in diffusion models
Train one model jointly on conditional and dropped-condition inputs; at inference extrapolate from unconditional toward conditional prediction via a guidance scale, sharpening prompt adherence…
Unpaired image translation with CycleGAN
CycleGAN uses two generators and two discriminators with a cycle-consistency loss that forces translating to the other domain and back to reconstruct the input, removing the need for paired data.
How text prompts guide Stable Diffusion
A frozen text encoder turns the prompt into token embeddings, which feed the U-Net via cross-attention at each denoising step so the prompt steers generation; classifier-free guidance amplifies the…
Why U-Net skip connections matter for denoising
Skips carry high-resolution spatial detail from encoder to decoder, preserving fine structure lost in downsampling and easing gradient flow, which lets the model restore detail while removing…
Evaluating generative models with FID versus IS
FID compares Inception feature distributions of real and fake images via Frechet distance between two Gaussians; it uses real data as reference and detects diversity issues, unlike IS which uses no real…
Mode collapse in GAN training
Generator produces few outputs ignoring data diversity, caused by chasing whatever fools the current discriminator; mitigate with minibatch discrimination, unrolled GANs, or Wasserstein loss.
Diffusion forward and reverse processes
Forward process gradually adds Gaussian noise until data is pure noise; reverse process learns to denoise step by step; the network predicts the noise added at each timestep.
GAN architecture: generator and discriminator roles
Generator maps noise to fake samples, discriminator classifies real versus fake, they train as a two-player game until samples fool the discriminator.
Attention in diffusion U-Nets for text conditioning
Self-attention mixes spatial features at low-res blocks; cross-attention has image queries attend to text-token keys/values; placed inside transformer blocks.
Pure ViT vs hybrid CNN-Transformer for medical segmentation
Pure ViT captures global context but is data hungry and weak on local detail; hybrid CNN-Transformer gets local features cheaply plus global attention, ideal for scarce…
Core principles of a Neural Radiance Field
An MLP maps a 3D point plus view direction to color and density; novel views render by casting rays, sampling points, querying the MLP, and volume-integrating along each ray.
Why ViTs need positional embeddings
Self-attention is permutation invariant so patch order is lost; positional embeddings restore spatial location. CNNs encode position implicitly via the fixed convolution grid.
Cross-attention for visual question answering
In cross-attention queries come from one modality and keys/values from the other, e.g. text queries attend over image features so the question selects relevant regions.
How Swin Transformer achieves linear attention
Swin computes attention within local non-overlapping windows of fixed size, making cost linear in patches, then shifts windows between layers so information crosses boundaries.
Inductive biases of ViT versus CNN
CNNs bake in locality and translation equivariance; a plain ViT has almost none beyond patch structure, so it must learn spatial relations from data, needing large datasets or strong pretraining.
Self-attention over image patches explained
Each patch projects to query, key, value; a patch's query is scored against all keys, softmax-normalized into weights, used to combine all values.