Android App Development: Core Languages and Tools
Android apps are primarily built with Kotlin, Java, and C++ using the official SDK. While other languages are possible, they often need 'glue' code to work and may have restricted API access. The main footgun is assuming any language has first-class support.
WHY IT EXISTS To provide a standardized process and toolset for creating applications that run on the vast ecosystem of Android mobile devices. This ensures a level of consistency and compatibility for developers targeting the platform, which has been evolving since its first SDK release in 2008.
THE MENTAL MODEL Think of Android development as a city with three main, officially supported gates: Kotlin, Java, and C++. You can enter through these gates easily using the official SDK. You can try to climb the walls using other languages like Go or JavaScript, but it requires special tools and you may not have access to all parts of the city, meaning the full Android API.
HOW IT WORKS Developers use the Android Software Development Kit (SDK) to create applications. The primary languages, Kotlin and Java, are JVM (Java Virtual Machine) languages, and their code runs within this environment on the device. For non-JVM languages such as C, C++, Go, or assembly, a layer of JVM language code is required to act as a bridge. This 'glue' code allows the non-JVM code to interact with the Android system, but this support can be restricted. Third-party tools and development environments have expanded these options over time.
WHEN TO USE IT Use the official stack (Kotlin, Java, C++) for most native Android app development. This path provides the most direct access to the full range of Android APIs, the best performance, and the largest amount of community support and documentation. The official distribution mechanism, Google Play, is also optimized for apps built this way.
WHEN NOT TO USE IT If your primary goal is to write a single codebase that runs on both Android and other platforms like iOS, you might investigate cross-platform tools. Using non-standard languages is also not ideal if your application requires deep, unrestricted access to the native Android API, as support may be limited.
ONE CANONICAL EXAMPLE A developer writes an application using Kotlin and the Android SDK. To get feedback before a full launch, they use Google Play to distribute a pre-release version to a group of testers. After testing, they use the same platform for a staged, gradual release to the public, minimizing the impact of any unforeseen issues.
Read the original → en.wikipedia.org
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