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What is margin collapsing? Give a sibling scenario and prevention.
This tests understanding of vertical margin combination in normal flow. A strong answer defines collapsing, gives a sibling paragraph example where the larger margin wins, and names a block formatting context or padding as prevention.
Pseudo-class versus pseudo-element in CSS
Pseudo-classes target an element in a state, pseudo-elements style a generated or sub-part using double colons, and ::before injects decorative content.
How is CSS specificity calculated for a complex selector?
This tests ID-CLASS-TYPE algorithm fluency. A strong answer gives the three-column tally, counts IDs, classes or attributes, and types in order, and notes combinators add zero. A red flag is counting combinators or mixing inline styles into selector scores.
Explain :is() vs :where() specificity and when to pick :where()
Tests whether you treat specificity as architecture, not just syntax. :where() has zero specificity; :is() adopts the most specific argument's weight. Choose :where() for base resets or utility classes designed to be overridden. Red flag: calling them equal.
What is a CSS containing block?
Containing block is the reference rectangle; static and relative use the nearest block ancestor's content box, absolute uses nearest positioned ancestor, fixed uses the viewport.
Set paragraph text blue and background light grey, compare HEX, RGB, HSL
Set color and background-color; HEX is compact, RGB is explicit, HSL is intuitive for lightness/hue.
How do you declare a custom font and apply it to headings?
This tests @font-face usage for custom web fonts. A good answer declares a font-family name and src URL inside @font-face, then applies that family to heading selectors.
Explain em, rem, px and why rem is preferred for font sizing
This tests CSS unit semantics and accessibility. px is absolute; em compounds against its parent; rem is root-relative and predictable. rem respects user browser font settings without nesting issues.
Which CSS background properties make a hero image cover its container?
Tests background-size keywords and aspect-ratio behavior. Lead with cover, note it fills the container by cropping while preserving ratio, unlike contain. Red flag: recommending 100% 100% or explicit lengths, which stretch and distort the image.
Create a vertical black gradient overlay on a background image
Use linear-gradient with rgba black stops, layer it over the image via stacked backgrounds or a pseudo-element.
What is font-display and how do swap and block differ?
This tests knowledge of the font display timeline. Swap shows fallback immediately then swaps in custom font, while block hides text for a short block period before fallback. A red flag is claiming swap prevents layout shift or that block is superior.
How do CSS Custom Properties manage a design system color palette?
Define --color-primary on :root, use var() for buttons and headings, mention fallbacks.
How do you create gradient text in CSS?
Set a gradient background-image, use background-clip: text to clip to glyphs, and color: transparent to reveal it.
What are CSS variable fonts?
One file encodes a continuous range along axes, cutting requests and bytes, controlled via font-weight, font-style, and font-variation-settings.
How does color-scheme interact with user-agent stylesheets and prefers-color-scheme?
This tests the boundary between author CSS and browser chrome. color-scheme lets the UA recolor native UI like scrollbars and form controls automatically, while prefers-color-scheme styles custom components.
CSS Grid: difference between 1fr and auto column sizing?
Tests fractional vs intrinsic sizing. 1fr divides leftover space; auto shrinks to content. Note that 1fr minimums default to auto, causing overflow with unbreakable content, unlike auto tracks. Red flag: claiming they are identical or auto always fills space.
Explain flex-grow, flex-shrink, flex-basis and their interaction
Tests deep understanding of flexbox sizing beyond keywords. A strong answer defines grow and shrink as ratios for distributing leftover or overflow space, basis as the starting size, and explains the two-step calculation.
Create a responsive card grid without media queries
This tests CSS Grid intrinsic sizing. Answer: grid-template-columns with repeat(auto-fit, minmax(min, 1fr)), leveraging repeat, minmax, and auto-fit for fluid wrapping. Red flag: defaulting to Flexbox or media queries instead of intrinsic grid behavior.
Explicit vs implicit grid: how do you control implicit tracks?
Explicit tracks use grid-template; implicit tracks appear on overflow. Control via grid-auto-rows/columns and grid-auto-flow.
Implement a fixed-width sidebar with Flexbox and CSS Grid
This tests Flexbox as one-dimensional versus Grid as 2-dimensional. A strong answer covers Flexbox with flex: 1 on main and flex: none on sidebar, and Grid with grid-template-columns: 250px 1fr. Red flag: claiming Grid is always superior or ignoring overflow.