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Difference between metrics and logs
Metrics are aggregated numeric time series good for trends and alerting; logs are discrete timestamped event records good for detailed root-cause analysis.
High availability versus fault tolerance
HA minimizes downtime via redundancy and failover; fault tolerance survives failure with zero interruption.
Blue/green versus canary deployments
Blue/green flips all traffic between two full environments; canary shifts a small slice gradually while watching metrics.
Diagnosing slow auto-scaled PaaS workloads
Application metrics like request latency, throughput, and DB query time; infrastructure metrics like CPU, memory, and scaling lag.
Migrating a stateful monolith to the cloud
Assess and inventory, pick a migration pattern like rehost or replatform, handle data migration and cutover, mitigate downtime and data-loss risk.
RGB versus HSV color spaces
RGB mixes three light channels; HSV separates hue, saturation, value so color identity decouples from brightness.
What is the difference between lossy and lossless image compression?
This tests irreversible discard versus perfect reconstruction. A strong answer defines lossy as dropping detail, lossless as fully reversible, names JPEG, PNG, and chooses lossless for masters, lossy for web. Red flag: claiming lossless is always smaller.
Describe a grayscale histogram and its use in exposure and equalization
Tests pixel distribution intuition. A strong answer covers intensity bin counts, left or right clustering for exposure errors, and CDF-based redistribution for equalization. Red flag: calling equalization min-max stretching without cumulative mapping.
Explain the pinhole camera model and intrinsic matrix K
Tests projective geometry and mapping sensor properties to K. Good answers derive perspective projection via similar triangles, list fx, fy, cx, cy, skew, and explain pixel scaling. Red flag: mixing intrinsics with extrinsics or saying K includes distortion.
Lens distortion and camera calibration
Radial distortion bends straight lines (barrel/pincushion), tangential comes from lens-sensor misalignment; calibrate with a known pattern to estimate intrinsics and distortion coefficients.
How does a Bayer filter capture color and what is demosaicing?
This tests CFA sampling tradeoffs. The answer covers the RGGB mosaic, demosaicing as interpolation of missing channels, and moire or zippering artifacts. A red flag is believing pixels capture full RGB natively or that demosaicing is only averaging.
Compare YCbCr and RGB. Why chroma subsampling for compression?
Tests color decorrelation and perceptual redundancy. Contrast correlated RGB with YCbCr's luma-chroma split; eyes resolve brightness better than color, so 4:2:0/4:2:2 cuts chroma bandwidth ~50-75% with little loss.
Why is RGB Euclidean distance a poor measure of perceptual color difference?
This tests perceptual uniformity. A good answer explains that RGB distance does not match human vision, then describes CIELAB as a space where deltas approximate perceived differences, making segmentation align with human vision.
Describe the BRDF, its advantage over Lambertian, and critical CV tasks
Tests 4D view-dependent reflectance. Strong answers define BRDF as dL_r/dE_i (sr^-1) over four angles; note Lambertian is isotropic; cite photometric stereo and shape-from-shading where specularity breaks the model. Red flag: calling it albedo.
How would you implement a simple box blur on a grayscale image?
Iterate interior pixels, sum the N by N neighborhood, divide by kernel area, write to a new buffer.
What is an image histogram and how does histogram equalization improve contrast?
Define a histogram as pixel counts per intensity; explain equalization normalizes the CDF to spread intensities across the full range.
Removing salt-and-pepper noise
Use a median filter; it replaces a pixel with the neighborhood median so extreme outliers are discarded.
How does the Sobel operator approximate image gradients for edge detection?
This tests discrete gradient approximation via separable convolution. A strong answer covers 3x3 Gx and Gy kernels as smoothed central differences, then combines magnitude as sqrt(Gx^2 + Gy^2) or L1 norm. A red flag is treating them as arbitrary blur filters.
Zero-padding vs reflect vs replicate padding and their visual artifacts
This tests boundary assumptions in convolution. Zero-padding adds black borders causing dark vignettes; reflect padding mirrors edges for continuity; replicate padding repeats edge values outward. A red flag is saying padding choice does not affect outputs.
Image rotation: forward versus inverse mapping
Forward mapping sends source pixels to non-integer destinations, leaving holes and overlaps; inverse mapping iterates over output pixels, finds the source location, and interpolates.