Intermediate concepts in Growth & Experimentation
High-Tempo Testing: Move Faster Than Your Channels Decay
High-tempo testing treats growth as a continuous experiment, not a one-time campaign. Since marketing channels decay quickly, this lets you find new wins across the entire user journey.
ICE Score: A Quick Framework for Prioritizing Ideas
The ICE score is a quick framework for ranking ideas by asking: what's the potential Impact, our Confidence in the outcome, and the Ease of implementation? Growth teams use it to prioritize experiments, balancing big bets with quick wins.
User Activation: Engineering the 'Aha' Moment
User activation engineers the 'aha' moment when a new user first experiences your product's value. It's measured by a key action, like sending a message in Slack, that predicts retention.
Churn Rate: How Fast Your Business is Leaking
Churn rate is your business's leak rate—the percentage of customers lost over a period. It's a vital health metric for subscription services like SaaS or streaming. The footgun?
The Data Layer: A Central Hub for Website Events
A data layer is a central JavaScript object acting as a message bus between your site and analytics tags. It passes event data, like button clicks or purchase values, in a structured way. The key footgun: never overwrite it; always use dataLayer.push().
Fogg Behavior Model: Why Users Act (or Don't)
The Fogg Behavior Model states a behavior only happens when Motivation, Ability, and a Prompt converge (B=MAP). Use it to diagnose why a feature fails or to design new ones. The footgun is blaming low motivation when the real issue is low ability.
The Hook Model: Designing for Repeat Engagement
The Hook Model engineers user habits with a 4-step loop: Trigger, Action, Variable Reward, and Investment. It's a framework for building products people return to on their own, common in social media and games.
Anchoring Bias: The First Number You See Matters Most
The first number you see acts like a mental anchor, warping all subsequent judgments. This is used in pricing, where a high "original" price makes a sale price seem better, and in negotiations.
The Peak-End Rule: Design for Memory, Not Averages
Users don't remember the average of an experience; they remember its most intense moment and its end. This shapes recall of onboarding, support calls, or checkout. The footgun is optimizing for overall 'goodness' while ignoring a painful peak or weak ending.
The Paradox of Choice: Why More Options Can Hurt
The Paradox of Choice argues that more options can decrease user satisfaction. Instead of empowering users, an explosion of choices in pricing tiers or feature settings can lead to decision paralysis. The footgun is assuming users want maximum choice.
The RICE Scoring Model: Prioritize with Data, Not Feelings
RICE is a formula—(Reach × Impact × Confidence) / Effort—for scoring competing features. It replaces gut feelings with a data-driven framework for prioritizing product roadmaps. The biggest footgun is treating the score as gospel, not a conversation starter.
Student's t-test: Is This Difference Real or Just Noise?
A t-test tells you if the difference between two group averages is statistically significant, especially with small samples. It's used in A/B testing to see if a new feature actually improved a metric, or if the change is just noise.
Chi-Squared Test: Are These Two Things Related?
A Chi-Squared test detects 'surprising' differences between what you observe and what you'd expect. It's used to check if two categorical variables, like a landing page variant and a user's sign-up action, are independent or related.
Novelty and Learning Effects in A/B Testing
The novelty effect is a temporary metrics lift from curious users exploring a new feature. The learning effect is the opposite: a dip as users struggle with a change. Both can mislead A/B tests if you don't run them long enough to see the true.
Regression to the Mean: Why Outliers Settle Down
Extreme results are part skill, part luck. Regression to the mean is the principle that luck evens out, so a follow-up measurement will be closer to the average. This impacts A/B tests and performance analysis.
PPC: Buying Intent, Not Attention
PPC buys intent, not attention: you bid to appear when someone searches for what you sell, paying only if they click. Use it for high-intent offers like B2B software where organic reach is slow.
Affiliate Marketing: Your Extended, Commission-Only Sales Team
Affiliate marketing is like having a commission-only sales team. You pay partners for actual results—sales or signups—not just for ad views. It's used by e-commerce stores with bloggers or SaaS companies rewarding referrals.
Referral Marketing: Turning Customers into a Sales Force
Referral marketing turns happy customers into a trackable sales force. Instead of just hoping for word-of-mouth, you actively incentivize users to refer friends. The footgun is treating it as a passive process rather than an active, trackable campaign.
Display Advertising: Renting Billboards on the Web
Display advertising is like renting billboards on third-party websites, using banners and videos to reach users where they are. It's used for brand awareness and retargeting. The footgun: judging success by clicks alone ignores its value in brand lift.
App Store Optimization (ASO): SEO for Mobile Apps
ASO is SEO for app stores, aiming to get your app seen and downloaded organically. It involves optimizing keywords, screenshots, and reviews to rank higher in search and charts.
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